Showing posts with label Electric Cars. Show all posts

TESLA MODEL 3 - ALL VARIANTS COMPARED

A) REAL WORLD TESTING: 


B) ACCELERATION DATA COMPARISON

C) POWER, TORQUE & SPEED DATA COMPARISON



D) INDIVIDUAL MODEL DATA:

i) MODEL 3 PERFORMANCE GENERATION 1 (2019-24):


ii) MODEL 3 AWD + BOOST STATS:


iii) MODEL 3 AWD (NO BOOST) STATS:



iv) MODEL 3 Rear Wheel Drive (RWD) STATS:


References:
https://teslamotorsclub.com/tmc/threads/difference-in-acceleration-between-model-3-lr-w-boost-and-model-3p.266811/
https://www.reddit.com/r/teslamotors/comments/dqxnqt/model_3_performance_power_vs_speed_per_soc_fw/
https://www.reddit.com/r/teslamotors/comments/bcrbtg/model_3_awd_power_vs_speed_with_bonus_p3d/
https://imgur.com/a/model-3-awd-power-vs-speed-KrRYLYV
https://www.reddit.com/r/teslamotors/comments/gnrc0n/model_3_awd_waccel_boost_power_vs_speed_vs_state/
https://www.reddit.com/r/teslamotors/comments/bcrbtg/model_3_awd_power_vs_speed_with_bonus_p3d/
https://imgur.com/a/model-3-awd-power-vs-speed-fw-2019-8-5-7jahZEc
https://www.mountainpassperformance.com/tesla-model-3-lr-rwd-dyno-testing-various-soc/

When your Tesla is idle — that is, not driving or charging — you may experience what's known as  phantom drain, where the battery slowly drains a few percentage points over the course of several hours. Phantom drain happens when the vehicle stays awake and doesn't sleep to conserve battery.

The list below includes all known causes of phantom drain on Tesla vehicles and how to fix it:

  1. Disable Sentry Mode
    Sentry Mode will keep the vehicle awake to monitor the surroundings.

  2. Disable Cabin Overheat Protection
    Cabin Overheat Protection will keep the vehicle awake to monitor and cool the interior.

  3. Disable Data Sharing
    When data sharing is enabled, the vehicle will wake and upload data to Tesla in the background.
    You can disable it in the vehicle under Software > Data Sharing.

  4. Don't use multiple Tesla tracking apps
    When one service is letting your vehicle sleep, the other may be keeping it awake inadvertently. This is a side effect of how the Tesla firmware is currently designed.
    You can reset access to all tracking apps by changing your tesla.com account password.

  5. Install pending software updates
    The vehicle may stay wake when an update is pending but hasn't been fully downloaded and installed.

  6. Move devices outside of Bluetooth range
    When a Bluetooth connection occurs, the vehicle may wake up automatically.

  7. Update the Tesla app on your devices
    Certain Tesla app versions have a bug which will continuously wake the vehicle.

  8. Move key fobs away from the vehicle
    When a key fob is detected near the vehicle (including vertically, in a room above or below the vehicle), the vehicle may wake up automatically.

  9. Improve the WiFi signal
    Weak WiFi connections can cause the vehicle to stay awake due to constant disconnections and reconnections. You can turn off WiFi in the vehicle or move your WiFi router to improve the signal.

  10. Disable Summon Standby
    Summon Standby will keep the vehicle awake. You can disable it in the vehicle under Autopilot.

  11. Remove the Tesla app widgets from your home screen
    The Tesla app widgets communicate with the vehicle and may keep it awake. You can use Tessie widgets safely.

  12. Restart the vehicle
    There is a known computer issue that can prevent the vehicle from sleeping. You can restart the vehicle by pressing both scroll wheel buttons on the steering wheel until the screen turns off.

  13. Power cycle the vehicle
    Underlying firmware issues can also prevent the vehicle from sleeping. You can perform a power cycle to eliminate them.

  14. Reduce polling interval
    In certain conditions, the Tesla data API may wake the car. In Tessie, change Settings > Connectivity > Polling Interval to 60 seconds and wait 24 hours to see if it helps.

  15. Replace the 12V battery
    Many Tesla owners have had success in reducing excessive wakes by getting the 12V battery serviced or replaced.

  16. Service the vehicle to fix the underlying components
    Your Tesla will automatically wake up when an underlying component activates.
    Some components, like the HVAC system and certain sensors, can be faulty and activate needlessly, which will cause the vehicle to wake up.
    Replacing these components will allow the vehicle to sleep normally.

Select latest available date from below to see the latest data:


When calculating the net carbon footprint benefit of using Li-ion batteries global warming due to CO2 and greenhouse gases released due to the following should be considered:

  1. Extract and refine minerals used to make batteries:
    - build and setup of mineral extraction machinery, plants and transportation vehicles
    - power vehicles and machinery to extract raw minerals from earth
    - power machinery to refine/purify raw minerals into usable form
    - transport purified minerals to cell manufacturers

  2. Manufacture cells/batteries/packs:
    - build and setup of cell manufacturing machinery and plants
    - manufacturing of cells and packs on automated assembly lines
    - charging cells to 100% SOC in the manufacturing plant
    - transportation of packs from manufacturing plant to assembly plant
    - installation of packs into vehicles, grid-backup, etc.

  3. Charging batteries:
    - build and setup of li-ion battery charging stations
    - original source of electricity feeding into charging stations
    - build and setup of original electricity generation sources
    - build and setup of transportation of electricity to battery charging stations

  4. Manufacture battery pack use-cases:
    - build and setup of plants to manufacture EV/grid-backup use-cases that employ li-ion batteries
    - manufacture of EV/grid-backup use-cases products and services

  5. Actual usage of li-ion batteries:
    - usage profile of battery packs (high discharge rate vs. low discharge rates)
    - actual battery pack usable life (based on SoC at end of life)

  6. Reuse used battery packs (<80% max SoC capacity left)
    - extraction of used battery packs from original applications/products
    - recheck/evaluate used battery packs for redeployment
    - actual redployment into 2nd reuse application
    - original source of electricity feeding into charging stations

  7. Recycle used battery packs at end of life (<40% max SoC capacity left)
    - extraction of used battery packs from reuse/original application
    - breakdown of batteries into cells; further into smaller constituents for refining
    - build and setup of mineral extraction machinery, plants and transportation vehicles
    - refining smaller constituents into bulk raw minerals
    - power machinery to refine/purify bulk minerals into usable form
    - transport purified minerals to cell manufacturers

Name -  
Commercial Name - ‘NIO EP9
Code Name - "Weilai" in Chinese, meaning "Blue Sky Coming".
Type - 5 Seater Electric Sedan

Performance -
Horsepower - 221hp (165kW)
Power - 1 MW
Top Speed - 313kmph (194mph)
Acceleration - 0-97kmph (0-60mph) in ~6 seconds

Specifications -
Motor - Three-phase, 4 pole AC induction motor (with copper rotor), (liquid-cooled), (rear mounted), 18,000 RPM at 250kmph (155mph), weighted at 70kg (150lbs)
Powertrain - Direct drive (single speed, fixed gear)

Body -
Structure - Lightweight aluminum reinforced with high strength, boron steel elements
Aluminium Bodyweight - 150kg (333lbs)
Total cargo volume ~ 700litres (25 cu ft)
Total Car Weight ~ 1900kg (4220lbs)
Downforce - upto 3Gs; 24,000 Newtons at 240 km/h (150 mph).

Battery -

Range - 427 km (265 miles)
Battery Pack ~ 50 kWh Lithium Ion, occupying ~0.3 cubic meters of space.
Battery Configuration ~ 4200 lithium-ion battery cells in ~11 modules
Battery Weight ~ 315kg (700lbs)
Battery Cost ~ $10,000 ($200 per kWh)
Battery Gaurantee - 8+years or 200,000 km (125,000 miles)
Fast Charge - 100% in 45 minutes (with 240-volt charger)

Cost -

Fuel Economy - 42.5kmpl+ (100+ MPGe) (33kWh/100+miles)
Cost - $1 million ($1,000,000)
Tax Credits+Rebates ~ $10,000
Warranty - 4-year or 80,000 km (50,000 miles) limited warranty

Timeline -
Release Year - 2016
Production Year - 2017

Lap Records -
1) EV record at Circuit Paul Ricard in France, recording a time of 1m 52.78s, eclipsing the previous record of 2m 40s.
2) Lap record at the Nürburgring Nordschliefe by racing the 20.8km ‘Green Hell’ in 7m 05.12s:


Reference -

https://electrek.co/2016/11/21/nextev-nio-ep9-electric-1-mw-supercar/#more-31674


Name - 
  • Code Name - Renault Zoe E-Sport Concept
  • Type - 2 Seater Electric SubCompact Track Car
Performance -
  • Horsepower - 460hp (343kW)
  • Torque - 640Nm (472lb.ft)
  • Top Speed - 210+kmph (130+mph) in <10 seconds (electronically limited)
  • Acceleration - 0-100kmph (0-62mph) in 3.2 seconds

Specifications -
  • Motor - high-capacity permanent magnet, axle mounted, one on each axle
  • Powertrain - 4 wheel drive (single speed, fixed gear)



Body -

  • Aerodynamics - large air dam and splitter at the front, a flat floor/undercarriage, large rear diffuser. gaping tracts in rear doors and a large rear spoiler 
  • Structure - full carbon Fiber body, track-spec intertwined chassis tubular steel roll cage ( by TORK Engineering), kevlar panels.
  • Suspension -  Double Wishbone (very stiff) with four-way adjustable dampers (by Ohlins)
  • Wheels - centrally-locking diamond cut 20inch aluminium alloy rims with racing brakes and  245/35 R20 tires
  • Interior - slick race-spec digital dash, FIA Recaro bucket seats with harnesses, rectangular steering wheel, square dashboard display (to adjust powertrain settings and control energy consumption). de-cluttered concept interior design with lashings of Alcantara and angular switches and vents
  • Total Car Weight - 1403kg (3086 lbs)



Battery - 

  • Battery Pack - 40kWh Lithium Ion, occupying ~0.25 cubic meters of space.
  • Battery Weight - 450kg (1000lbs)
Timeline -
  • Release Year - 2017
  • Production Year - 2016
  • Availability Year - None




Notes -
  1. It takes only a few tenths of a second for the ZOE e-sport concept's motors to reach 4,300rpm.
  2. Its doors are opened by a simple tap on the 'open' zone incorporating tactile sensors.
  3. The dash panel features three zones that permit management of the gearbox, driving mode (four options available) and brake distribution.
  4. An air-and-water cooling system with a front-mounted radiator is used to make sure that the battery and control systems operate at the ideal temperature.
  5. The electronic settings offer four driving modes that adapt, depending on whether the driver wants performance or a longer range. They can also be tailored to suit different types of circuit and driving styles, adjusting the power delivery between the two motors to place greater emphasis on front or rear-wheel drive.
Sources -
https://www.netcarshow.com/renault/2017-zoe_e-sport_concept/
https://www.renault.co.uk/vehicles/concept-cars/zzoe-concept.html
http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/renault/zoe/98799/renault-zoe-e-sport-concept-whizzes-into-geneva-2017



Performance -
Horsepower - 250hp (190kW)
Top Speed - 225+kmph (140+mph)
Acceleration - 0-97kmph (0-60mph) in <2.9 seconds
Noise levels ~ 80 dB (SPL)

Body -
Body Work - Carbon fiber and Kevlar honeycomb (To save costs, the car is not made with the latest carbon-fiber materials used in Formula 1)
Chassis - Carbon fiber & Aluminium with high strength elements (made by Spark-Dallara), 
carbon fibre front and rear impact structures, Diolen anti-intrusion side panels, cockpit head protection and wheel tethers. 
Total Car Weight (including driver) <900kg (1980lbs), (~250kg (550lbs) heavier than a Formula 1 car)

Battery -
Range - Varies highly with vehicle speed
Battery Pack ~ 28 kWh Lithium Ion (maximum usable) (made by Williams Advanced Engineering)
Peak Power - 200kW (270hp)
Bus voltage - 1000V (Maximum allowed)
Battery Weight - 200kg (333lbs)
Battery Pack Weight - 330kg (730lbs)
Normal Charging - generators used to re-charge the batteries are powered by glycerine, a by-product of bio-diesel production.

Other Systems -
Suspension - Pushrod-operated, unequal-length control arm Steel suspensions
Tires - bespoke 18" treaded (provide optimum performance in both wet and dry conditions) (made by Michelin)
Wheels - made by O.Z.
Electronic Systems - by Mclaren
System Integration - by Renault
Aerodynamics - by AOTECH (CFD/wind tunnel specialist)

Cost -
Cost - $375,000 (€350,000) (including research)
Warranty - No warranty, cars last for a varying number of races.

Timeline -
Release Year - 2012
Production Year - 2013
Availability Year - 2014

For Detailed Technical Information, follow this link -



Official "Basic Technological" Explanations by FIA Formula E Championship & "Scarbs"-


Advanced Unofficial Explanations by Engineering Explained -


Official "Steering Wheel Demonstration" &  Car Charge Graphic Explanation -


References -
http://www.fiaformulae.com/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_E
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark-Renault_SRT_01E
http://www.fiaformulae.com/en/news/2016/july/bold-new-look-for-formula-e-car/
http://www.sparkracingtechnology.com/en/projects/formulae/spark-renault-srt01e/introduction
http://www.sparkracingtechnology.com/en/projects/formulae/spark-renault-srt01e/datasheet
http://www.fiaformulae.com/en/news/2014/september/the-formula-e-battery-a-qa-with-craig-wilson.aspx
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/23/sports/autoracing/what-makes-formula-e-cars-tick.html


There’s an old saying that racing improves the breed, and Formula E is helping to improve the next generation of electric vehicles. This should mean a better quality of air – and thus life – for all of us.


A Brief Introduction -

  1. Formula E, officially the FIA Formula E Championshiprepresents the world's first fully-electric racing series. Foreshadowing the motor industry’s development in the coming decades, it provides a framework for R&D while accelerating interest in electric vehicles and promoting sustainability. 
  2. The series was conceived in 2012, and the inaugural championship started in Beijing on 13 September 2014. The series is sanctioned by the FIAAlejandro Agag is the current CEO of  Formula E.
  3. Operating as an 'open championship', the series gives manufacturers the opportunity to showcase their energy technology in a competitive environment by designing cars to technical specifications set out by the FIA. Formula E fully complies with the same FIA standards as used in Formula 1
  4. It centers around three core values - energy, environment, and entertainment - and represents a fusion of engineering, technology, sport, science, design, music, and entertainment.

Why we need Formula E -


  1. Growth in urban population, rising mobility of people and goods, and consumer trends are changing the environment. As global megatrends are creating difficulties for governments, businesses, and individuals to create integrated solutions, the demand for platforms where different actors can exchange ideas to sustainability challenges, is increasing.
  2. Formula E acts as a catalyzer for technology innovation, it brings together major global corporations that recognize the benefits of developing cross-industry collaborations and of jointly building innovative and sustainable solutions. Formula E is a perfect place to test custom batteries, and there’s a good chance a breakthrough energy-storage device will debut here. 
  3. Using cutting-edge technology, the Formula E aims to push the boundaries of what is currently achievable in electric motorsport. While striking a balance between cost-effectiveness and sustainability, it will also rise to the challenge of racing solely on street circuits. Formula E cars have a potential problem not found in Formula One.
  4. Formula E drivers have their fuel when they start the race, but they can keep topping it up as they can regenerate, Drivers are looking at the total amount of fuel, that is, the "charge", how much of it is left and accordingly how hard do they have to push that energy, to use that fuel out of the corners or on the straights, and how much braking they should do, how much speed should they carry through the corners. They have to manage regeneration off of the braking, if they brake very harshly, that impedes the ability of the system to regenerate, as braking less sharply helps to conserve energy. A challenge for the teams is how to make the most of the available charge, but also how to add more to the charge.
  5. In a lithium-ion battery, a very publicized problem is them getting too hot during their operation. It’s an exothermic reaction: so they just keep getting hotter, thereby becoming potentially unstable. Most battery cells need to be <65C, and for stability and performance, the battery temperature needs to be between 35C to 40C.
  6. While a Formula E car is not as fast as a Formula One car, it is nevertheless a serious racing machine built by some of the world’s top racing experts.
  7. The Founding Partners of Formula E decided that it would be a platform to boost sustainable innovations, a gateway to the cities of tomorrow and alternative transport. After the very first Formula E season in 2014-2015, this dream is already becoming a reality – and the best is yet to come.

 Formula E Racing Rules/Regulations/Conventions -

  1. Each Race is a one-day event, creating a unique and exciting experience designed to appeal to a new generation of motorsport fans. 
  2. The Formula E championship is currently contested by ten teams with two drivers each. Racing generally takes place on temporary city-center street circuits which are approximately 2 to 3.4 km (1.2 to 2.1 mi) long. 
  3. Each driver has two cars at their disposal as the races last 50 minutes, but the car batteries remain charged for just over 20 minutes. This means that drivers need to change cars half way through the race in a mandatory pit stop.
  4. The race day begins with two practice sessions in the morning, an opening 45-minute session followed by a further 30-minute session. 
  5. The qualifying session normally takes place at noon and lasts one hour. 200 kW of energy is available in only 1 of the 2 cars throughout the qualifying session.  In race mode, the maximum power is restricted to 170 kW.
  6. The aerodynamics are fixed, so settings do not need to be changed from race to race in the 10-race championship. But suspension settings can be adjusted and cars differ according to their different drivetrains (powertrains).
  7. Tire changes, unless caused by a puncture or damage, are not permitted during this pit stop.



The Track -

Point Scoring - Points are awarded to the top ten drivers using the standard FIA system. Three points are also awarded to the driver securing the pole position, while the driver setting the fastest lap receives an additional point. The championship consists of both a drivers’ and teams’ championship. A driver's end of season total is made up a driver's best results. A team's total score is obtained by adding points of both of its drivers throughout the season.
Fanboost - For each race, fans can vote for their favorite driver via various social media channels to give them an extra power boost. Voting starts about two weeks prior to an event and is also open during the opening six minutes of the race. The three winning Fanboost drivers each receive an extra 100 kJ of energy to be used in a power window ranging between 180kW & 200kW.

References -

http://www.fiaformulae.com/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_E

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uWWl8-jAITk
http://www.sparkracingtechnology.com/en/projects/formulae/the-championship/championship
http://www.dhl.com/en/about_us/partnerships/motorsports/estory.html

http://www.sparkracingtechnology.com/en/projects/formulae/spark-renault-srt01e/introduction
http://www.fiaformulae.com/en/news/2014/june/insight-the-williams-battery.aspx
http://blog.caranddriver.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-formula-e-electric-only-race-series/
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/23/sports/autoracing/what-makes-formula-e-cars-tick.html



Name -
Commercial Name - The Immortus
Prototype Name - SOLAR X
Parent Company - Defunct
Type - Bespoke 2 Seater Solar-Electric Sports Car


Performance -

Horsepower - 27hp (20kW)
Top Speed - 150+kmph (93+mph)
Acceleration - 0-97kmph (0-60mph) in <7 seconds

Specifications -
Powertrain -
Twin electric motor, (air-cooled)
Transmission - Direct drive (fixed gear), single speed constant ratio


Body -

Drag coefficient - Quite low considering the economy of the vehicle
Total Car Weight - 1493kg (1212lb)
Solar Panels - 7m2 (75 sq ft.) of lightweight solar photovoltaic paneling on its exterior.
Overall Length - ~5,029 mm (198 in)
Overall Width - ~2,007 mm (79 in)
 
Battery -
Solar Range - Infinite (at
an average speed of 60kmph (~37 mph)) (in areas with enough sunlight) 
Battery Range - 400km (248 miles) (at night or non-sunny days)
Solar + Battery Range - 550km (341+ miles) (at an average speed of 85kmph (~53mph)) (from a 100% charge) 
Battery Pack - 10 kWh Lithium Ion

Cost -

Fuel Economy (in areas with enough sunlight) - Infinite
Cost - ~$370,000 (including taxes)
Maintenance Cost (over 5 years) -  Least possible, as it has very little components


Timeline -

Release Year - End of 2016
Production Year - 2016 onwards
Availibility Year - Not released (Limited Edition, only 100 units will be made)


You can get more info on EVX's youtube channel here.





Technologies Used -
  1. Spot Cooling -
    The Immortus needs to use little energy, and air-conditioning is not an option. Therefore, the driver will be cooled with the strategic application of vented air. The knowhow that comes from this will be of value to other car makes looking to increase efficiency via better cooling approaches.
  2. No Side Mirrors -
    The Immortus, to be aerodynamic, will not have side mirrors. Instead, cameras in the rear of the vehicle will be used with screens inside to allow the driver to perceive the events behind. The knowhow and system developed doing this prove a potential to be superior to current systems. 
  3. Regenerative Shock Absorbers -
    Traditionally an academic pursuit these shock absorbers are so ideal for a solar car that they are being developed to take them from the theorised to the applied.
  4. Air Cooling -
    The Immortus must be light and always needs to charge and discharge. This means effective battery management and the effective use of air cooling as opposed to liquid cooling, which is heavier and also more prone to failure due to the extra parts.

Notes -
  1. This car is inspired by the world portrayed in post-apocalyptic movies, the Immortus is designed to exhibit a toughness that no other car has: endurance
  2. The ability to run on the power of the sun and store the energy for later use make it a car of practically infinite endurance. As long as the sun shines the Immortus lives...
  3. The initial model will be a specialised vehicle to showcase this new technology, which will be presented as a high-end custom vehicle for high network individuals.
  4. Looking at Tesla, EVX Ventures hope to replicate its strategy by first offering the Immortus as a luxury limited edition before affording it to the mainstream.
  5. Electric vehicles still need to be plugged into a power source to charge and often that main power grid is a dirty, rather than clean and renewable energy source. With solar powered vehicles there are no external plug ins and the whole system, including power and refill costs, steps beyond that of previous electric vehicles.
  6. The Immortus is currently our technology development platform where a 'concurrent engineering' approach is utilized. This approach has proven to be very economical and rapidly yields spin-off peripheral technologies with multi-industry applications.
    This project was a Finalist for Singularity University's Australian & New Zealand Global Impact Competition 2014. 
  7.  EVX is an early stage venture focused in the R&D and commercialization of high performance solar and electric vehicle technologies. EVX's ultimate vision is to make self-powering cars the future of transportation.
  8. EVX is supported by the research and development team at Swinburne University of Technology, one of the leading electric vehicle research groups in the world. Founded in Melbourne, Australia.

References -
http://www.evxventures.com/the-immortus.html
http://inhabitat.com/the-immortus-electric-sports-car-can-drive-all-day-using-just-the-power-from-the-sun/
http://www.startupdaily.net/2016/05/melbourne-startup-evx-ventures-looking-launch-australias-first-road-legal-solar-car/
http://www.evxventures.com/about.html
http://www.evxventures.com/the-company.html
http://www.evxventures.com/technologies.html
http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1099606_immortus-electric-car-concept-claims-solar-running-up-to-35-mph
https://www.prlog.org/12551782-aussie-solar-car-startup-to-unveil-the-future-of-transport-in-germany.html


Name -

Commercial Name - Nissan LEAF®
Backronym - LEAF" stands for  for Leading, Environmentally friendly, Affordable, Family car
Type - 5 Seater Electric Compact Hatchback

Performance -
Horsepower - 107hp (80kW)
Torque - 280+Nm (210+ft.lb)
Top Speed - 150+kmph (93+mph)
Acceleration - 0-97kmph (0-60mph) in 9.9 seconds
Braking Distance - 97-0kmph (60-0mph) in 38m

Specifications -
Powertrain - AC synchronous motor, (air-cooled), (front mounted)
Transmission - Direct drive (fixed gear), single speed constant ratio (7.94:1)

Body -
Drag coefficient - Cd=0.28
Total cargo volume -  668 Litres (23.6 cubic feet), this increases to 850 Litres (30 cubic feet) with the standard 60/40-split rear seat folded
Total Car Weight - 1493kg (3291lb)
Overall Length - 4,445 mm (175.0 in)
Overall Width - 1,770 mm (69.7 in)
Overall Height - 1,550 mm (61.0 in)
Wheelbase - 2,700 mm (106.3 in)
Ground Clearance - 160mm (6.3 in)

Battery -
Range - 135km (84miles) (from a 100% charge (Long-Distance Mode charging)), (32km (20miles) at full speed), (For $5000+ costlier models the range is 172km (107miles) @ 30kWh battery capacity)
Battery Pack - 24 kWh Lithium Ion (usable battery capacity is about 21.3kWh)
Battery Rating - can deliver up to 90kW (120hp) power
Battery Configuration - 192 lithium-ion battery cells in 48 modules with 4 cells in each module.
Specific Energy - 140 Wh/kg
Battery+Control Module Weight - 218kg (480lb)
Assembled By - Automotive Energy Supply Corporation (AESC) – a joint venture between Nissan and NEC Energy Devices.
Battery Design - air-cooled, stacked laminated battery cells with lithium manganate cathodes.
Battery Cost - $7,200 ($300/kWh), ($5,500 for replacement battery pack)
Battery Warranty - 5-year or 100,000 km (60,000 miles) limited warranty, whichever comes first, expected to retain 70% to 80% of its capacity after 10 years
Fast Charge - 80% in 30 minutes, 100% in "xx" minutes (with 240-volt charger)

Cost -

Fuel Economy (in city) - 53.5+kmpl (126 MPGe) (27.3kWh/100miles) (17kWh/100 km)
Cost - $29,010 (including taxes)
Total Tax Credits & Rebates ~ $7,500 Federal Tax Credit (or potentially lower in some states) + $4,000 NMAC CASH
Effective Cost (after all rebates and tax credits) - $17,510 (Rs11,66,000)
Lease - government-subvented lease deal of $349 per month (in which case Nissan's financial subsidiary takes the refund)
Charging Station (optional) - $2,200, with a $2,000 tax credit toward installing a personal charging dock in your garage, so final cost is $200.
Maintenance Cost (over 5 years) -  $1,937

Timeline -
Release Year - 2009
Production Year - August 2009
Availibility Year - End of 2010




Name -

  • Commercial Name - Tesla Model V/5
  • Code Name - Yet to be decided
  • Type - 5 Seater Electric SubCompact Hatchback


Performance -

  • Horsepower - 90hp (67kW)
  • Torque - 250+Nm (185+ft.lb)
  • Top Speed - 120+kmph (75+mph) in <13 seconds
  • Acceleration - 0-97kmph (0-60mph) in <9.9 seconds
  • Braking Distance - 97-0kmph (60-0mph) in 30m


Specifications -

  • Motor - 4 pole Brushless DC motor, (air-cooled), (rear mounted), 10,000 RPM at 140kmph (87mph), weighted at 40kg (90lbs)
  • Powertrain - Direct drive (single speed, fixed gear)


Body -

  • Drag coefficient - Cd=0.22+
  • Structure - Steel reinforced with high strength, boron steel elements
  • Steel Bodyweight - 110kg (245lbs)
  • Total cargo volume ~ 300litres (10.7  cu ft)
  • Total Car Weight ~ 1250kg (2775lbs)
  • Overall Length - 4,000mm
  • Overall Width - 1,750mm
  • Overall Height - 1,500
  • Wheelbase - 2,500
  • Ground Clearance - 170mm


Battery -

  • Range - 160+km (100+miles)
  • Battery Pack ~ 25 kWh Lithium Ion, occupying ~0.15 cubic meters of space.
  • Battery Configuration ~ 2000+ lithium-ion battery cells in 5+ modules
  • Battery Weight ~ 150kg (333lbs)
  • Battery Cost ~ $4,000 ($160 per kWh)
  • Battery Guarantee - 5+years or 200,000 km (125,000 miles)
  • Normal Charging - 70% in 5 hours, 100% in 7 hours 20 minutes (with the 240-volt charger plugged into a 16 Ampere Socket)
  • Fast Charging - 80% in 1 hours, 100% in 1 hours 15 minutes (with the 240-volt charger plugged into High Current Tesla Supercharger)


Cost -


  • Fuel Economy ~ 55kmpl (130 MPGe) (25kWh/100miles)
  • Cost - $20,000 (including taxes)
  • Total Tax Credits & Rebates ~ $5,000
  • Effective Cost  (after rebates and credits) - $15,000 (Rs10,00,000)
  • Warranty - 3-year or 50,000 km (30,000 miles) limited warranty


Timeline -

  • Release Year - 2018
  • Production Year - 2019
  • Availability Year ~ 2020


Notes -
  1. The Tesla Model V/5 is 12.5% smaller than Tesla Model E/3 and 30% smaller than Tesla Model S.
  2. The car is specifically made for developing economies, thence, the ground clearance is kept relatively high and top speed is kept within appropriate legal limits.
  3. Since the market for such a car would be predominately limited to metro-cities in developing economies, the range is not kept too high for long distance routes and is preferably useful for daily commotion within a city &/pr nearby places.
  4. The low cost of the car allows it to be considered a more economic and more efficient alternative to compact diesel cars which also leads to lesser air pollution within cities.
  5. To make the car's manufacture more geared towards developing economies, advanced hardware for technologies like "Autopilot", etc are left out which make this car simpler, cheaper, lighter and easier to manufacture.
  6. The Tesla app in the user's phone is used, and the phone is docked in the dashboard as a substitute for the expensive Interactive digital display. This is done, as phones are predominantly used in developing economies and serve as a more portable and easy-to-use digital device for the less articulate masses. This reduces the final cost of the car.
  7. The battery pack forms the bottom of the vehicle between the axles, concentrating the mass between the axles.
  8. This distributes its mass equally on its axles and lowering its rotational inertia, allowing it to turn more quickly.
  9. Since the battery pack is the single most heavy component of the vehicle, the car has a very low center of gravity height, due to the location of the battery pack.
  10. This also helps in achieving a high lateral acceleration and an increased protection against rollover. 
  11. The placement of the battery pack increases the rigidity of the passenger compartment, improving the passive safety of the car.

Engineering Ideation by ANKIT GOYAL
Design Ideation by Hyonwoo Jason Kim

Images from: 
https://www.topspeed.com/cars/tesla/2020-tesla-city-car-ar174313/pictures.html
https://www.carscoops.com/2012/12/tesla-internship-project-for-battery/









Name - Yamaha MOTIV.e
Predecessor - T.27
Type - 2 Seater Electric Ultra Compact 4 Wheeler
Made by: Yamaha and Gordon Murray Design

Performance -
Horsepower - 33hp (25kW) (Peak), 20.1hp (15kW) (Continuous)
Torque - 896+Nm (660+ft.lb) (Peak), 658+Nm (485+ft.lb) (Continuous)
Top Speed - 105+kmph (65+mph)
Acceleration - 0-100kmph (0-62mph) in <15 seconds

Specifications -
Motor - Three-phase, 4 pole AC induction motor (made by Zytek), 15,000 Max RPM, weighing 13kg (29lbs), with Inverter weighing 7.5kg (17lbs)
Transmission - Rear wheel (single speed, fixed gear) (made by Vocis)
Gearbox - Reduction, weighing 11kg (24lbs)
Chassis - iStream Manufacturing System
Body - Steel tubing Framework with upcycled weight-saving plastic composite panels fitted around it, with a glass greenhouse on top
Active Safety - ABS anti-lock brakes and ESP traction control
Passive Safety - Air-bag for the driver, front and rear crush zones, anti-side intrusion system
Total Car Weight - 730kg (1,609lbs)
Dimensions - 2,690mm (105.9in) long, 1,470mm (57.9in) wide and 1,480mm (58.2in) tall

Battery -
Range - 161+km (100+miles)
Battery Pack - Lithium Ion, 8.8kWh (Total), 7.2kWh (Usable)
Fast Charge - 100% in 1hour (with 240-volt charger)
Normal Charging - 100% in 3hours (with 240-volt charger)

Cost -
Fuel Economy - 42.5kmpl+ (100+ MPGe) (33kWh/100+miles)
Cost - $22,500 (without rebates and credits)

Timeline -
Release Year - 2013
Production Year ~ 2015
Availibility Year ~ 2019






Notes -
  1. Electronic Vehicle Control Module (EVCM) (made by Zytek) provides the interface between the powertrain and the rest of the vehicle.
  2. EVCM integrates powertrain control, by including torque arbitration, temperature control and voltage management to allow better decision making using algorithms.
  3. Optimises the driver’s torque request based on a broad range of parameters including battery charge and temperature and the grip available at the tyres.
  4. Provides more with less, improving both the driving experience and the range while reducing the size, weight and cost of the power electronics and battery pack 
  5. Tested under the strict Euro-NCAP safety standards under Gordon Murray’s approval, with results that he claims are “first-class.”
  6. Survived a EuroNCAP 50kph side impact mobile deformable barrier test with "virtually zero cabin intrusion"
  7. World's Most Efficient Electric Car,
    Smart EV/ED uses 29% more energy/km,
    Mitsubishi iMiev uses 36% more energy/km,
    Mini-E
    uses 86% more energy/km.
References -
http://www.gordonmurraydesign.com/en/products/current/yamaha-motiv.e.html
http://www.zytekautomotive.co.uk/media/news/2014/02/new-zytek-powertrain-selected-for-yamaha-motiv-e/
http://www.gizmag.com/yamaha-motive-city-car-to-use-zytek-electric-drive-train/30948/ 
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